A FRAMEWORK TO IMPROVE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN ISLAMIC BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

: This paper attempts to conduct a review of ethics in Islamic business entities by providing a conceptual framework of Islamic ethical values which is linked to the triple bottom line. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to discuss these values based on the literature on Islamic ethics and Islamic business ethics. While some ethical values may be implemented similarly in both conventional and Islamic organisations, from the Islamic perspective, the spirit, process, and result become one single unit that must not violate Islamic principles. Humans are not judged solely by the result achieved but also by the process and effort ( ikhtiyar ). None of our activities should thus occur at the expense of other mahluq . The ability to measure the conformity of a company’s business activities with Islamic business ethics will show the extent to which it has implemented Islamic principles and affirm the organisation’s identity


INTRODUCTION
Ethics is an essential ingredient of business success. 1Business organisations that have good ethics are good organisations.As entities, organisations can influence an individual to behave in the desired manner by considering benefits and costs. 2 An understanding of ethics serves as the foundation for trust and confidence in business transactions and is important for organisational effectiveness and personal relations.The concept of business ethics refers to ethics as they are applied to business. 3 Islam, the ethical issues that arise in business should be discussed as a part of a framework of ethical values for Islamic business. 4This specifies that business decisions should be guided by faith or imaan, which subscribes to Sharia law to determine what is permissible (halal) and prohibited (haram), including what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust, and fair or unfair.Understanding ethics is the foundation for business transactions and is important for organisational effectiveness as well as personal relations.This is consistent with PPP, which stands for people, planet, and profit, or the triple bottom line as the 'Ethical Measure of Business', as introduced by John Elkington in 1994.Islamic ethics support an organisation in terms of enhancing its performance through better quality, effectiveness, and efficiency, as well as integrity. 5Therefore, Islamic business entities that operate halal and Shariacompliant businesses should implement Islamic business ethics to serve as guidance in conducting their business activities.

Purpose and Rationale for Study
The effective understanding and application of ethics in Islamic business entities is confounded by the existence of competing survival and growth challenges, as exemplified by corporate failures attributed to poor or weak governance.This is due to a lack of concern for society by business organisations' concerning whether Islamic ethical values should be the basis of Islamic corporate activities.The integration of ethics based on Islamic principles into an organisation's governance system will produce decisions that provide benefits for many parties since the decision-makers prioritise not only their own interests. 6Islamic ethics will thus facilitate the efficient and effective management of the organisation. 7ere are various important aspects when it comes to understanding Islamic business ethics. 8First, Islam is a religion that regulates all aspects of human life.Second, Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, and it is continually growing.Third, the development of global business requires interaction between individuals from different backgrounds, including religious and cultural.However, only very few studies have been conducted on the influence of Islam on business ethics, meaning that the research on this topic will be of great value and importance.
This study aims to identify and relate Islamic beliefs and values with ethical practices for Islamic business.It is very important to identify Islamic values to include as Islamic business ethics for several reasons.Firstly, Islamic business entities are Shariacompliant companies that are engaged in halal business.There is an increasing number of such companies, as indicated by the growing number of Islamic financial institutions and Sharia-compliant stock indices such as the KLCI, Dow Jones SI, and FTSE SI.Companies that are labelled Islamic business entities should be capable of demonstrating behaviour that conforms to Islamic principles to reflect their right and proper identity.
Secondly, there has been limited research conducted on Islamic business ethics in Islamic business organisation.Though several studies have discussed Islamic ethics, they tended to lack any specific discussions on Islamic business organisational ethics in terms of PPP, except for Islamic social banking. 9Meanwhile, many previous studies have mentioned the activities of Islamic banks that should be conducted in accordance with Islamic principles, such as 10 the ethical identity of Islamic banks and 11 Islamic business ethics in Islamic banks.Currently, Islamic business entities comprise not only Islamic financial institutions, such as Islamic banks, but also growing numbers of Sharia-compliant companies.However, some studies only mention examples of business ethics in corporate activities.Some studies only discuss Islamic ethics, This research will seek to fill the gap by providing a conceptual framework and explaining how Islamic business entities can implement it within their business practices.However, the application of Islamic ethics in a company must also be translated into and evident within the real business activities that it undertakes.
Aydin 15 suggests that the study of moral values and ethical behaviour in Islamic economics and business is important because there is often a gap between theory and reality.This arises due to the limited understanding of Islamic values so that worship activities are separated from worldly life, or religious values are viewed as secondary activities within world economic activities.The main challenge in the discussion of ethics as a set of moral principles concerns its application. 16Many papers only discuss ethics in normative way, while the real business practices conducted by Muslims may be quite different.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that can provide a conceptual framework of Islamic business ethics and identify the ethics implementations in Islamic business entities.

Literature Review Ethics and Islamic Ethics
Ethics is 'a set of moral principles that distinguish what is right from what is wrong'. 17Ethics is sometimes referred to as moral philosophy in the Western tradition, which refers to the behavioural concept of choosing between right and wrong actions. 18thical behaviour is perceived to be that which is good, while unethical behaviour is that which is bad.However, it may be difficult to reach an agreement on what is right and what is wrong because it relies on ethical reasons relative to a particular situation, and such actions affect the welfare of both oneself and others. 19e term ethics is closely related to Akhlaq in Islam. 20Akhlaq is the plural form of khuluq, which means character, nature, and disposition. 21Muslim scholar Al Qurtubi (cite in 22 ) states that khuluq means 'their ancient customs that includes religion, character, ideology, and doctrine'.Akhlaq is closely linked to Khaliq and makhluq, and even the universe. 23Akhlaq establishes an integration between the will of Khaliq (the Creator) and the behaviour of makhluq (human). 24A human has good morals or good behaviour when his behaviour towards other makhluq or the environment is based on the will of Khaliq.
In Islamic religion, all existing provisions are derived from the Qur'an and Sunnah as the two main sources of Islam.The Qur'an is the verbatim word of Allah (God), as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, while the Sunnah or Hadith are the words, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad.Islamic ethics are thus derived from the Quran and Sunnah and contain specific guidelines for achieving a moral filter. 25lamic ethics can be applied in Islamic banking based on the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), namely Iman (faith), Niyyah (intention), Amanah (trust) and Adalah (justice).26 Iman is a religious belief foundation and will guide employees to always obey God's commands by always doing the right thing and avoiding unethical behaviour.Niyyah (intention) is related to the spirit of doing good deeds with the intention of worship so that the actions performed do not violate religious orders.Amanah (trust) is a person's fulfilment of the responsibilities assigned to him, while Adalah relates to all aspects of justice in Islamic terms.The values of Sharia can be used to implement business ethics in the practice of business, especially for Islamic business entities.27

Business Ethics
Business ethics is 'management ethics or organizational ethics which simply limits its frame or reference to [the] organization' (p.2). 28Another definition of business ethics is the implementation of ethics in business.However, there may be certain reasons for the motivation to engage in ethical or unethical behaviour. 29A company's motivators to behave ethically can be separated into legal compliance and ethical norms. 30In terms of legal compliance, ethics is defined as 'a set of limits that has to be done'.Legal compliance therefore refers to rules and imposes punishment to ensure adherence to those rules.The goal is to prevent unlawful conduct.
The second driver of motivation is ethical norms, in which ethics is defined as 'a set of principles to guide choices'.The goal is that, in achieving responsible conduct, ethics will be integrated into business practices (leadership, core system, and decisionmaking process).Understanding the differences between these two motivators helps to explain why legal compliance is insufficient to inspire ethical behaviour.As such, a manager will tend to make decisions without necessarily considering any ethical judgement.Corporate governance underpinned by the fundamental values of trust and integrity will enhance the efficient ethical compliance mechanism since a set of ethics provides guidance in grey areas and ensures that decision-makers remain on the right side of the law.Organisational values will affect the decision-making and behaviour of employees. 32A well-managed organisation will instil good ethics in its employees and create a good atmosphere and environment that is upheld by its members.To determine whether a company implements ethical values, Abuznaid 33 identified the sources used in determining universal moral standards, namely employees, company codes, global codes of ethics, and business ethics literature.Based on those sources, he proposed a set of universal moral standards consisting of trustworthiness (integrity, honesty, loyalty, reliability), respect, responsibility (accountability), fairness, caring, and citizenship (obeying laws and protecting the environment).

Methods
This study uses descriptive analysis method to discuss the topic.The aim is to obtain the data and phenomena that occur based on the previous literatures and discuss more based on the data obtained.This study discusses about the ethics in Islamic business organisation.The definition of business ethics in general and from Islamic perspective are described based on the secondary sources.This study is expected to provide a framework of Islamic ethical principles for Islamic business organisation to strengthen their identity and therefore, can increase the trust of stakeholders, especially the public and Muslim investors.

Ethics from Several Perspectives
The importance of ethics in social life and business activities can be viewed from several perspectives, including religion, physics, and organisational aspects.Religion is important as a factor for studying the ethical behaviour of individuals or society because it functions as a guide to harmonise the behaviour of individuals so that they believe that their actions are related to religious teachings. 34__________ A person's ethical awareness is influenced by the religious values they adopt. 35A religious person will behave in accordance with the guidance of his religion and beliefs and will oppose things that are contrary to those religious beliefs.Therefore, religion plays a very important role in creating the culture within a community or society. 36eanwhile, a person's religiosity will be reflected in their attitudes and behaviour following their religion. 37The religious practice will strengthen faith and at the same time maintain ethical behaviour in social life. 38ligion is also influential when it comes to examining a person's behaviour at work. 39Employees will feel more comfortable when the values of the organisation they work for align with their own, which will encourage their better performance. 40Spirituality and religiosity will impact the ethical judgement of managers in an organisation. 41The level of spirituality will affect emotional, behavioural, and intellectual aspects so that individuals will be motivated to engage in ethical behaviour.
From another perspective, the role of organisation/company in shaping the behaviour of its members/employees becomes important when they establish organisational values that do not conflict their beliefs.Business ethics determine whether the decisions taken by an organisation are morally right, while the company must also behave ethically when making decisions to encourage sustainable development. 42The company also plays a role in encouraging the implementation of business ethics for its employees.Organisational Support Theory states that 'employees form general beliefs about how much the organisation values their contributions and cares about their well-being' 43 .When organisations value their employees' performance, the employees will be committed to behaving in accordance with the wishes of the organisation.Organisational support will encourage employees to behave in accordance with the organisational culture. 44

Islamic Business Ethics
Islamic business ethics is 'the code of moral principles that are prescribed by the Quran and Sunnah'. 45Islamic business organisations that conduct their operational Comprehensive means that Islam provides guidance for Muslims in every condition and covers all matters of the world and the hereafter.From the Islamic point of view, ethics covers not only religious morality but also all aspects of life related to human beings. 48e second factor is balance or moderation.The balance (mizan) perspective leads to a balance between the world and the hereafter.Islam also recognises wasat (moderation), which means 'eliminating excesses and deficiencies'. 49Moderation should be applied when individuals or organisations consume resources.Moderation in spending or spending for reasonable purposes is an element of Islamic ethics that can be implemented in business activities. 50The third factor is real or being realistic, which means that Islam takes into account the capacity of individuals who always have weaknesses.In this regard, God will present temptations that match human ability.
Islamic ethics should form part of business activities. 51Religion is the source of the importance of ethical Islamic business and is not biased by human intervention.The values brought by Islam are universal, which means that they can be applied in organisations, including business organisations.Although an organisation has many stakeholders, the ethical values of Islam remain applicable and will protect the rights of all stakeholders.
Some studies focus on Islamic values in organisation.They mentioned that religion has an impact on people's attitudes, values, and behaviours.Good attitudes will enhance good performance of a business to maximise both profit and maslahah because Islam incorporates personal worship and business practice.Therefore, the adoption of Islamic practices in the organisation will help to achieve falah (success in the world and the hereafter).Concerning the implementation in business activities, ethical values in Islam can be described as follows: 54 a. Unity Unity relates to the concept of tawhid.Tawhid as the oneness or unity of God and the main principle of Islamic ethics 55 involves two processes, namely the denial of all other gods and the acknowledgement of and submission to only one true God, the creator and sustainer of the universe. 56Tawhid is a vertical dimension in Islam as the Islamic faith is founded on a belief in only Allah, and humans as His vicegerents (khalifah) must manage the earth's resources in an act of upholding trust (amanah) as a form of human responsibility to Allah. 57nity refers to all aspects of a human's life -economic, social, political, and religious -that 'form a homogeneous whole, which is consistent from within, as well as integrated with the vast universe without'. 58Unity (tawhid) reflects the status of God as the sole creator and that people are related to each other as a community to serve God. 59For business, unity means cooperation and equality in both effort and opportunity.Unity means that a Muslim should not take action to discriminate against his employees, consumers, and other stakeholders based on gender, race, and religion. 60__________ b.Equilibrium Equilibrium, adl or justice, is related to the all-embracing harmony in the universe.Justice can be described using two words: adl and qist. 61Adl refers to equity and balance or equilibrium.Adl as equity encourages Muslims 'to behave justly towards all' (p.134).Meanwhile, as the concept of balance, adl refers to 'doing things in a proportionate manner, avoiding extremes' (p.134).Various elements in the universe must be in a state of equilibrium to produce social order. 62This is a horizontal dimension and human beings should have a balance in everything, including the socioeconomic aspect. 63Equilibrium in Islam relates not only to equilibrium as a fact but also to the quality of that equilibrium. 64This ethics has the implication for business that all dealings conducted by Muslim businessmen should be fair and just, including for to employees.
c. Free will (ikhtiyar) Free will relates to 'the ability of human to act within external coercion, within the parameters of Allah creation and as Allah's trustee on earth'. 65Humans as khalifah are given the ability to think and make judgements on the actions to be taken.Allah has granted the freedom to choose, but as Muslims, this freedom should be pursued with dignity to reflect the nature of Allah's khalifah. 66n the realm of business ethics, free will explains the choice that humans possess to either do the right thing or not.Therefore, in business ethics, free will can be seen in the actions that a Muslim takes when making an agreement, whether they will fulfil it or deny it. 67d.Responsibility Responsibility sets limits on humans, who are allowed to take action but must also be responsible for what they do. 68As such, individual freedom must be balanced against organisational or societal freedom.From the perspective of Islam, social responsibility must always be considered as part of those balanced freedoms. 69People must therefore be responsible for their actions.
e. Benevolence Benevolence (ikhsan) is kindness to others and is defined as 'an act which benefits persons other than those from whom the act proceeds without any obligation'. 70For business activity, this ethic encourages Muslim employees to perform their best work both as a form of love to God and because God will always watch their behaviour. 71Trusteeship Rice explains that trusteeship refers to the role of people as trustees of the earth on behalf of God.72 Beekun and Badawi 73 state that trust is the concept of amanah, meaning that wealth and other resources are given by God 'as tools to fulfil the responsibilities of the trusteeship' (p.134). Inthe context of business activity, trusteeship means that people must manage resources for everyone and consider sustainable development.74 Relevance of People, Plane,t and Profit as a Triple Bottom Line Ethical Measure While sustainability is the goal of businesses to achieve long-term success, 75 there is also increasing awareness of the ethical behaviour of organisations. Ths can be seen in the growing demand for organisations to demonstrate their ethical standards.These ethics can be assessed from the perspective of the triple bottom line (TBL).TBL refers to 'an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial' 76 with which an organisation should be concerned.The function of TBL is to measure the sustainability of a company by considering 'its profitability and shareholders value and its social, human, and environmental capital'.77 These three aspects can also be expressed as profit, people, and planet (PPP), and thus become the ethical measure of business.Each one is explained in more detail below.
Financial performance is typically considered in terms of the amount of profit made.While a high level of profit increases the wealth of stakeholders, 78 in TBL, an organisation is viewed based on its actions to serve stakeholders' interest in generating a profit by considering its impact on the broader society. 79Profit or economic performance can be measured by factors including personal income, resource efficiency, and profitable growth. 80Social performance (people) focuses on the aspect of fair business practices towards stakeholders in a company.The stakeholders include its employees, suppliers, and customers, along with the government, creditors, and the community within which the company operates.The activities that the company undertakes should consider the interests of stakeholders because they are interdependent.Social performance is both complex and critical in ____________ terms of supporting the sustainability of the company. 81It can be measured using aspects such as fair wages and the provision of a good workplace for employees, the unemployment rate, and the application of a fair price for suppliers and customers. 82stly, environmental performance (planet) refers to the practice of a sustainable environment.It means that a company should endeavour to minimise any negative impacts of its activities on the environment. 83Environmental performance 'represents a measurement of natural resources and reflects potential influences on its viability'. 84he aspects used to measure environmental performance include the life cycle of products, energy consumption, and reduction in manufacturing waste.

Islamic Ethics for Islamic Business Organisations
Muslims expect businesses that are active in the market to undertake activities/operations that are in accordance with Sharia principles.These activities will be carried out as part of all business processes, including research and design, production, sales, and marketing.Islam will guide business activities. 85Based on the explanation above, this study will discuss each of the Islamic ethics and their implementation within business activities, including how the ethics can be used as guidance to protect the environment.a. Tawhid Some scholars have stated that tawhid can also be interpreted as the unity of God.Unity has interrelated meanings in Islam: 'The oneness of Allah; the universe is a connected whole, with Allah standing as a unifying principle outside of creation', 86 see also 87 .The interpretation is that Allah is both the creator of the interconnected universe and the unifying force across His creations.All of Allah's creations are equal and related.All are obliged to worship Allah.Humans conduct themselves using Al-Qur'an to guide them in their behaviour and social interaction.There are some examples of the implementation of Tawhid in business ethics. 88One example is maintaining ethical behaviour in all activities and everywhere because Allah sees all aspects of human life (Al Qur'an 49:13), which includes not seeking to earn profits by any means possible and accumulating wealth.
The social interaction mentioned above means that human interactions, not only with other humans but also with God's other creations (environment, universe), must be in accordance with Allah's commands in Al-Quran. 89roperty rights over natural resources are often disputed; thus, while individuals are free to own the rights to property, there is also an element of social ownership. 90 nature is Allah's creation for humans.The superiority of humans compared to Allah's other creations, which makes them khalifah on earth, means that humans should utilise natural resources properly as a form of worship of Allah (Hasan, 2006).Nassef states that ensuring that all God's creations are treated well, including flora and fauna, is an attempt to strike a balance between human life and nature. 91ery Muslim will be accountable for his actions on earth, to be judged in the hereafter. 92This is in accordance with the teachings of the Qur'an, which states that every deed will be rewarded in the hereafter (Al-zalzalah: 7-8), so whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it.
b. 'Adl 'Adl, or justice, is often referred to as equilibrium or balance. 93However, those terms are slightly different.The concept of 'adl is broader than just equilibrium. 94While equilibrium may be synonymous with balance, neither of these terms fully represents adl or justice.'Adl relates to the positioning of something in its proper place by virtue of its design (Qadha) and measure (Qadr).In Islam, faith in qadha and qadr means to believe with all the heart that Allah has created everything and has determined its nature.
Al-Ghazâlî states that 'adl or justice is defined as 'putting things and matters (umûr) to their proper places as specified by Sharia and custom' (p.14). 95ustice comprises divine justice and human justice. 96The subject of divine justice is God, while the subject of human justice is humans, which includes individuals, society or community, and institutions.From this definition, Al-Ghazali argues that justice is broader than absolute equality and not limited to any religion, gender, or race. 97lam teaches the need to be fair in all Muslim activities, including business activities. 98In economic and business life, 'adl can be seen in the use of natural resources.Al-Quran explains the importance of the relationship between humans and the natural surroundings, where good deeds towards the environment are one of the virtues (Quran 28: 83). 99Economic activities carried out to meet human needs using natural resources must be managed efficiently to ensure their sustainability for the sake of future generations.Islam does not teach the excessive consumption or waste of natural resources but rather to preserve the nature. 100ere are aspects of justice such as giving positions to individuals who have appropriate abilities and granting welfare to those who are entitled to receive it. 101A' business can reflect these aspects in the way it treats its employees.
Examples of fair deeds that can be carried out in business include giving work to employees who can do it along with rewards that commensurate with the level of work.Al-Quran states, as mentioned in Surah Al-A'raf: 85: '… So fulfil the measure and weight and do not deprive people of their due and cause not corruption upon the earth after its reformation.That is better for you if you should be believers.'As a result, fair treatment can encourage employees to be more productive. 102anwhile, Zainuldin et al. 103 state that social justice is one of the fundamental values in Islam.It ensures equal opportunity for all stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process so that the decision taken will benefit them.In the context of this study, it means that Islamic business entities should be able to provide benefits not only for the company but also for the community and the surrounding environment.Adl can also be shown through the circulation of assets between the rich and the poor. 104Therefore, the rich donating to the poor is a social form of justice aimed at circulating wealth.In an organisation, the activities undertaken as part of corporate social responsibilities reflect its commitment to maintaining aspects of social performance, the aim of which is to create harmonious and mutually beneficial relationships with employees, society, the environment and consumers.
c. Free will Humans are granted freedom of choice over the actions that they take.However, Muslims must also ensure that the actions chosen do not violate Islamic principles.Islamic ethics not only recognises the freedom of individual, but also considers the accountability and justice of the actions. 105In addition, humans are asked to do their best to achieve their objectives in accordance with their strengths that is called ikhtiyar.The efforts made must also not violate Islamic principles.Humans are granted the gifts of wisdom, freedom of choice, and willpower that can be used to fulfil God's commands or vice versa. 106khtiyar demonstrates human sincerity in making the best choice in accordance with the teachings of God in situations where several other choices are available and may also conflict with one another.Humans as God's creatures are given the ability to choose actions that are ethical or unethical. 107However, God will see the extent of a human's efforts in achieving his goals.If the maximum effort has been made, this will still be seen by God as a virtue even if the goal has not been achieved.Related to business activities, all endeavours taken by humans in carrying out their activities, including to bring profit, will be judged as worship to Allah as long as those activities are carried out in accordance with Sharia principles.
In Islam, good deeds start with good intentions and are carried out with good processes. 108If the latter two of these do not exist, and even if the results yield benefits for individuals or organisations, it is considered a bad deed.This is in accordance with the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad: 'God does not look at your matters (shapes or forms) and wealth, rather God examines your intentions and actions.The implementation of free will in business ethics is related to the establishment of agreements or contracts with business partners. 109All obligations to business partners must always be fulfilled except in cases of force majeure that may hinder or prevent a person from fulfilling his obligations.When utilising natural resources for business purposes, humans must continue to preserve nature in an effort to maintain a balance between humans and nature in this world and as a form of human accountability for their role as khalifah on the earth.

d. Responsibility
Humans' freedom to choose comes with the obligation to maintain responsibility for their choice of actions.Therefore, every action chosen by humans should be accompanied by a sense of responsibility.Islam contains the concept of taklif (accountability), by which all humans are accountable for their actions on Judgement Day. 110According to the theological concept, the obligation bestowed on mukallaf (individual with taklif) arises because humans, as God's creatures, are obliged to believe and act according to the commands of God. 111 Therefore, a real sense of responsibility must already exist in humans when they realise that they, as God's creation, have an obligation that must be fulfilled.However, God will not burden a person beyond his capacity.In truth, every human being will be able to fulfil what he is required to do, yet the process of fulfilling the obligations is often accompanied by other choices that could lead people astray from the predetermined path.The religious teaching can thus be used as a guide in choosing the appropriate ethical actions to take.
It is not possible to separate business activities from each party's obligations.Every contract formed is thus an obligation that the respective parties must fulfil and take full responsibility for.Taklif plays an important role in a ____________ company's activities in that every employee is responsible for the tasks they are assigned by being aware of the risks and rewards associated with them. 112herefore, if the tasks performed are not in the interests of the company and instead are only in the interests of an individual, then the individual concerned is ignoring their responsibilities.
In an employee-employer business relationship, both parties must understand their respective responsibilities. 113An example of a company's responsibility is to pay a fair wage commensurate with the employee performance.The right of employees to a fair wage can be seen in the hadith of Prophet Muhammad: 'Pay the employees their wages before their sweat dries' (Hadist by Ibnu Majah).In return, employees who agree to work with their employers must perform their duties to the best of their abilities and do not waste time on personal activities during working hours.This is in accordance with the Qur'an: 'Woe to those who give less (than due).Who, when they take a measure from people, take in full?But if they give by measure or by weight to them, they cause loss.Do they not think that they will be resurrected?For a tremendous Day' (Al-Mutaffifin 83: 1-5).
The importance of fulfilling the responsibilities is not only useful for human survival, but also in the preservation of natural resources as God's creation that humans must use in accordance with their knowledge and a full sense of responsibility.Humans as the khalifah of Allah are responsible for preserving the earth as much as possible (Hasan, 2006).

e. Benevolence (Ihsan)
The ethical behaviour of humans will be seen from their akhlaq in daily life, namely ihsan (benevolence).Ihsan means 'performing tasks precisely, rightly, correctly, and accurately'. 114Ihsan also relates to birr (good conduct) in Islam.
According to Al-Ghazali, the level of ihsan exceeds the ethical value of adl or justice because, in relations with other humans, justice or fairness is seen as a minimum standard of behaviour. 115This implies that while fairness is an obligation, ihsan is a voluntary act that depends on an individual's level of awareness regarding the implementation of Islamic ethics.Ihsan applies not only in religious practices but in all aspects of life. 116-Ghazali goes on to explain the implementation of benevolence in economic relations. 117It includes (1) sincerity when other parties are unable to pay their debts, but from our side, we have the awareness to always pay debts to others when we hold them, and (2) companies try to provide the best products and services, even exceeding the price paid by consumers.In Islam, an example of ihsan or benevolence would be leniency in the form of an extension to a debt's maturity time or giving a repayment discount in the case of bad credit. 118Such act is mentioned in surah Al-Baqarah (2:280): 'And if someone is in hardship, then [let there be] postponement until [a time of] ease.But if you give [from your right as] charity, then it is better for you, if you only knew' (Al-Baqarah, 2:280).In Islam, every human being is expected to give his best without considering the reward to be received.Ihsan also covers maintaining the environment by always preserving and protecting nature, even in cases where there is no coercion from society or government regulations.
f. Trusteeship Humans, as creatures in whom Allah (Khalif fil 'ard) has placed trust to manage the earth, are also responsible for maintaining that trust through actions that are in accordance with Islamic teachings.As Allah created the earth, individuals or organisations are permitted to own wealth and property provided, not as absolute ownership but instead as ownership that has been bestowed by Allah SWT. 119Therefore, the implementation of trusteeship includes 120 : (1) Legitimacy to obtain property through halal means, (2) the process of enjoying the property, wealth, or resources must not violate the rights of others or prevent others from accessing natural resources, (3) the owner should have mental stability in managing and enjoying wealth, and (4) awareness of the duty to pay zakah on assets owned according to God's commands.
The term amanah means 'the fulfilment of trustworthiness and responsibility in conducting activities. 121The evidence of this concept in business activities can be seen in the fulfilment of promises or contracts between business actors.Each party must therefore fulfil agreements that have been made so that the organisation can fulfil its obligations to employees, consumers, and other stakeholders. 122This is accordance with the Qur'an (23:8): 'And they who are to their trusts and their promises attentive.'Moreover, the supplier or seller is expected to deliver the product in accordance with the terms of the agreement or contract with no reduction in either quantity or quality, even if the buyer is unaware.This is in accordance with the Quran (11:85): 'And O my people, give full measure and weight in justice and do not deprive the people of their due and do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption' (Hud, 11:85).Amanah is one way of creating justice and an aspect of driving success in business activities because it produces mutual cooperation among the stakeholders. 123ing the Islamic business ethics discussed in previous research, this study proposes the following analytical framework for Islamic business organisational ethics relating to the triple bottom line: Identifying Islamic business ethics will help Islamic organisations to integrate the ethics with their organisational values.Employees will more readily accept this integration where there is no conflict between the organisational values and their religious beliefs.The identification of business ethical values will reduce the potential for variations in an organisation's ethics if, in the future, the organisation evaluates its interpretation of those values from its perspective. 125wever, organisations must also understand individual ethical behaviour if they are to successfully foster a culture of ethics in business activities between the organisation and stakeholders, such as employees, consumers, suppliers, and the wider society. 126If stakeholders do not perceive any conflict between the business ethics upheld by the organisation and their own religious beliefs, they will support the implementation of ethical values as a way to achieve organisational goals. 127ile the implementation of ethics may in reality be similar to the practice already undertaken today by business organisations, there are nevertheless some differences in the fundamental principles that could affect the establishment of ethical principles.First, the importance of ethical Islamic business has religion as its source, and this is clearly not biased by human intervention. 128Islam brings universal values that can be applied in all organisations, including business organisations.Although an organisation may have many stakeholders, the ethical values of Islam will still apply and continue to protect the rights of those stakeholders.
Second, there is the spirit behind the implementation of business ethics.The duty to implement ethics is not driven solely by the obligations as set out by the regulators, or due to public pressure regarding human rights; instead, it is the obligation of humans to worship Allah by always carrying out His commands and avoiding prohibited acts in all aspects, not merely in religious activities.From the Islamic perspective, all human beings are equal, with the only difference in their level of taqwa (consciousness of God, piety).Taqwa will guide people to always carry out God's commands and refrain from prohibitions. 129Therefore, relations between human beings must also be based on equality, according to their respective rights and obligations.Islam integrates religious business practices with personal worship. 130From the Islamic point of view, ethics covers not only religious morality but all aspects of life related to human beings. 131ird, faith in tawhid will guide humans to act ethically in all situations and conditions.Humans believe that God always sees their behaviour and that they will be accountable in the hereafter for their actions in the world; this, therefore, encourages humans to act ethically. 132Ethical behaviour is intended to apply to all parties, both shareholders and other stakeholders, according to the proportion, to ensure the equal treatment of all parties linked to the company.Islamic organisations may influence those parties with which it is involved to behave in accordance with Islamic ethics by incorporating them into the company's business ethics.
Islamic organisations stay close to the Islamic principles that must be reflected in operational activities.An ethical system based on Islamic principles must therefore be integrated into an ethical framework to guide economic and business activities. 133This integration will help to shape an organisation that prioritises ethical behaviour, which can then become its competitive advantage over conventional organisations. 134lam provides guidance on the value of human attitudes in all aspects of life, including lifestyle, behaviour, and attitudes towards humans and the natural environment 135 for sustainable development.The implementation of Islamic business ethics will help to preserve the environment and encourage sustainable development as they pursue to achieve social justice in the form of economic growth and fair distribution of national income. 136Development that also takes care to preserve the environment will help to ensure the supply of natural resources to meet the needs of future generations at the same time as improving the economic and social welfare of the umma or society. 137This is because Islamic business entities conduct economic activities that do not conflict the religious teachings and still provide good services for consumers and the general public. 138Therefore, aside from being a guide for companies to achieve their organisational goals, Islamic ethics will further guide users to behave as good Muslims.In this regard, since humans undertake actions to achieve God's blessing, business activities should also be conducted in line with Islamic teachings.

Conclusion
Islamic business ethics is important for Islamic business organisations to maintain their ethical identity.Therefore, the business ethics implemented by these types of organisations must refer to Islamic values.Business ethics will follow the organisational ethics or management ethics, and the organisation is one of the factors that influences the ethical behaviour of individuals within the organisation as its employees.If an organisation already has a set of ethical values in place, this will apply to the business activities it carries out, which in turn means that the corporate ethics was created from perfect sources.Islamic business ethics comprises ethical and moral values in accordance with Islamic principles.The application of Islamic business ethics in an organisation is expected to bind internal parties to behave ethically in carrying out business activities as stipulated by Islamic principles.In this way, ethics relates not only to an organisation's human relations but also its corporate environment in accordance with the PPP concept.While the values espoused within Islamic business ethics are practically identical to ethics in general, business ethics derived from Islamic principles can be applied in every organisation or country where a business is established, regardless of the culture or social environment.Therefore, all companies can pursue ethical behaviour so that they will always behave in accordance with their environment.This will remain the case whoever leads the company, whoever works there, and whoever makes up the total body of stakeholders that have a relationship with the company.
Ethics derived from Islamic principles should be identifiable in the context of their application in business activities related to the development of the Islamic business entity.This study has aimed to identify and relate Islamic beliefs and values to ethical practices in Islamic business.Islamic ethical values such as unity, benevolence, equilibrium, trusteeship, and responsibility have been described and translated into business activities with the expectation that they will always be followed in all business activities.
Ethical values from the Islamic perspective, such as tawhid, 'adl and ikhtiyar, reflect different values from general ethics.While some ethical values may have similar implementations, the important aspect concerning their implementation in business activities is the spirit behind the action.From the Islamic perspective, the spirit, process, and result become one single unit that must not violate Islamic principles.The objective of a human's activities are to worship Allah, and therefore all actions should be ethical according to Islamic teachings not only towards other humans but to all God's creatures, including flora and fauna (the environment).Humans are not judged solely by the result achieved, but also by the process and effort (ikhtiyar).None of our activities should be performed at the expense of other mahluq.
The discussion on how these virtues contribute to the development of sustainable business trust based on Islamic ethical values has provided a framework of Islamic business ethics.The identification and development of Islamic ethics, along with their subsequent linkage to business activities, will make it easier to monitor how Islamic ethics is practised in an Islamic business entity.Measuring the conformity of the company's business activities with Islamic business ethics will also indicate the extent to which Islamic principles have been implemented and affirm the organisation's identity.
various elements of Islamic ethics, 13 and provide a brief description of how to implement them in business activities.14 12 ____________ 6 Mohd Haniff Zainuldin, Tze Kiat Lui and Kwang Jing Yii, 'Principal-Agent Relationship Issues in Islamic Banks: A View of Islamic Ethical System' (2018) 11 International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 297 <https://doi.org/10.Jurnal Pengurusan 13 <http://ejournals.ukm.my/pengurusan/article/view/14160/4793>.11 Zainuldin, Lui and Yii (n 6).12 Anna Che Azmi and others, 'Sharia Disclosures' (2016) 7 Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 237 <https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIABR-03-2016-0029/full/html>.mention interpretation refers to contemporary values and standards, while in Islamic communities, the Qur'an and Sunnah provide a guidance for values and standards.Organisational factors can be seen as the management's level of commitment to ethical behaviour, which may be embodied in a company code of conduct.Various elements can affect the individual factors, including individual's moral values, phase of moral development, family or close relative influence, and life experiences.
Marianna Fotaki and Saleema Kauser, 'The Effects of Spirituality and Religiosity on the Ethical Judgment in Organizations' (2021) 174 Journal of Business Ethics 1. 42 Marija Ham, Ana Pap Vorkapić and Helena Štimac, Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Predicting the Intention to Implement Corporate Social Responsibility(2018). in accordance with Islamic principles must also implement Islamic business ethics.Ethics will influence Muslim business actors to pursue the following goals 46 : (1) Increase integrity, creativity, cooperation, effectiveness and efficiency of activities, and quality; (2) Treat employees better, and (3) Prevent bad behaviour such as corruption and abuse of power.Islam includes comprehensive perspectives on ethical issues because the Quran and Sunnah exist to guide men on what is right and wrong to fulfil the purpose of creation.47Forthis reason, Islamic perspectives are comprehensive, balanced, and real.
____________ 35 Zahra Sharaf, Mohammed Rostami and Abulfazl Ghaffari, 'The Role of Intention in Spirituality in Terms of Islamic Texts and Positive-Oriented Psychology' (2016) 7 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences.36 ibid.37 Muhammad Kashif, Anna Zarkada and T Ramayah, 'The Moderating Effect of Religiosity on Ethical Behavioural Intentions: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to Pakistani Bank Employees' (2017) 46 Personnel Review.38 Wafa Elgarah and others, 'Practical Wisdom for Management from the Islamic Traditions' (2012) 31 Journal of Management Development 991. 39 Itzhak Harpaz, 'Cross-National Comparison of Religious Conviction and the Meaning of Work' (1998) 32 Cross-Cultural Research 143 <https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719803200202>. 43 Linda Rhoades and Robert Eisenberger, 'Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature' (2002) 87 The Journal of applied psychology 698.44 James N Kurtessis and others, 'Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of activities 18: 87-88), fulfilling a contract and its requirements (Al-Araf 7:85), and mutual agreement(Al-Qasas 28: 26-28).Muslims' adherence to those ethics should be based on faith (iman) as a motivating factor in achieving God's blessings.The implementation of Islamic business ethics will come to serve as one of the defining characteristics of an Islamic business entity.Widana et al. 52attempted to identify Islamic business ethics to be used as a tool to measure the implementation of ethics in Islamic banks in Indonesia.They argue that the banking industry should behave ethically when conducting business in order to maintain the trust of consumers and the integrity of the bank.Islamic banks that claim to provide ethical financial services should be guided by codes of ethics.Based on the previous literature,Widana et al. 53established a set of dimensions to measure Islamic ethics for business, namely the unity of God, benevolence, responsibility, equilibrium, justice and equity, sincerity, and trusteeship.These dimensions were then developed into 21 items by giving examples of Islamic banking activities for each item.